By Dr Henk Swanepoel, Head of Psychology at Cygnet Health Care
Normal Ageing vs. Warning Signs
Some degree of forgetfulness is common as we age. Occasionally forgetting someone’s name or misplacing items isn’t typically cause for alarm. These cognitive changes can sometimes be caused by treatable conditions such as depression, vitamin deficiencies, or thyroid problems.
However, memory problems warrant closer attention when they begin to affect a person’s day-to-day functioning. Warning signs include:
- Missing appointments regularly
- Forgetting entire conversations that just occurred
- Difficulty managing previously routine tasks like attending medical appointments, paying bills, following recipes, or navigating familiar routes
Progressive Decline
The progression of memory lapses is a key indicator. A one-time memory lapse due to stress or poor sleep differs significantly from a pattern of cognitive decline. Often, friends and family notice subtle changes before the person themselves, and these observations should be taken seriously.
Beyond Memory: Behavioural Changes
Dementia affects more than just memory. Significant behavioural changes that may signal neurocognitive deterioration include:
- Becoming repeatedly withdrawn or anxious
- Increased confusion
- Uncharacteristic aggression
- Poor judgment in situations previously handled well
Physical Manifestations
Memory issues accompanied by physical changes deserve medical investigation. These might include:
- Changes in gait, such as shuffling when walking
- Increased frequency of slips or falls
- Difficulty finding words or following conversations
- Slower movements
- Incontinence
- Swallowing difficulties
As the condition progresses, these changes can result in significant care needs both cognitively and physically.
Frontotemporal Dementia: Lesser-Known Signs
Frontotemporal dementia often presents differently, with early signs including:
- Personality changes
- Making ‘cold’ or insensitive statements
- Blaming others for being ‘cold’ and insensitive
- Lack of social insight or awareness
- Inappropriate jokes or lack of tact
- Uncharacteristic withdrawal
Some lesser known symptoms, more present with frontotemporal dementia, include:
- Anger without apparent cause
- Loss of empathy
- Loss of sense of humour
When to Seek Help
In general, memory problems require attention when they begin to affect a person’s independence or quality of life. If you notice these changes in yourself or a loved one, consulting a healthcare professional is an important step.
Dementia Action Week reminds us that early diagnosis and support can make a significant difference to those living with dementia and their families.